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One alternative to avoid the problem posed by the use of supported porous catalysts is the application of ultradispersed catalysts, which are very small particles suspended in the feed to be processed. Even though catalytic hydroprocessing is a well-established process in the refining industry the conversion of such heavy oil fractions is challenging, from the catalytic point of view, due to metal sulfides and coke deposition in the pore mouth of the support in the commonly used Ni(Co)Mo(W)/alumina catalysts, which leads to the reduction of the catalysts effective life. More than half of the total world oil reserves are heavy oil, extra heavy oil, and bitumen, with vast deposits in Canada (Alberta province) and Venezuela (Orinoco region). The depletion of light oils supplies along with the expected increase in energy demand has shifted the attention to the exploitation and conversion of heavy oils and heavy petroleum fractions. It was found that particles with diameters around 13 nm show double the HDS activity compared with the material with micrometric particle sizes (diameter ≈ 10,000 nm). A correlation between particle size and activity is presented. The prepared particles were characterized by DLS, TEM, XRD, and XPS and tested in the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) of a vacuum gas oil (VGO). In the present work, molybdenum sulfide (MoS 2) particles with varying diameters (10000–10 nm) were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone as capping agent. The use of submicronic particles or nanoparticles of catalysts suspended in the feedstock may be a viable alternative to the conversion of heavy oils at refinery level or downhole (in situ upgrading).
How to change scale in dimension catalystex pdf#
PDF structure analysis is shown to provide a way to characterize domain structures in different forms of amorphous oxide catalysts, and hence provide an opportunity to investigate correlations between domain structure and catalytic activity.More than half of the total world oil reserves are heavy oil, extra heavy oil, and bitumen however their catalytic conversion to more valuable products is challenging. The results demonstrate the ability of PDF analysis to elucidate features of domain size, structure, defect content and mesoscale organization for amorphous metal oxide catalysts that are not readily accessed by other X-ray techniques. The lattice structures and offset stacking of adjacent layers in the partially stacked CoMPi and CoBi domains were best matched to those in the LiCoOO layered structure. The increases in domain size for CoMPi and CoBi were found to be correlated with increases in the contributions from bilayer and trilayer stacked domains having structures intermediate between those of the LiCoOO and CoO(OH) mineral forms. PDF patterns for Co-OEC films formed using phosphate, Pi, methylphosphate, MPi, and borate, Bi, electrolyte buffers show that the resulting domains vary in size following the sequence Pi < MPi < Bi. The analysis is applied here to resolve domain structure differences induced by oxyanion substitution during the electrochemical assembly of amorphous cobalt oxide catalyst films, Co-OEC. This report demonstrates the ability to use high-energy X-ray scattering and atomic pair distribution function analysis, PDF, to resolve structure in amorphous metal oxide catalyst films. Amorphous thin film oxygen evolving catalysts, OECs, of first-row transition metals show promise to serve as self-assembling photoanode materials in solar-driven, photoelectrochemical `artificial leaf' devices.